What Is Force Majeure?

Force majeure clauses list triggering events (often 'acts of God,' war, terrorism, pandemics, government orders, natural disasters) and specify the consequences: excuse from performance, suspension of obligations, or termination rights. Critically, courts interpret force majeure clauses narrowly — if the event is not specifically listed or closely analogous to listed events, the clause may not apply. The pandemic of 2020 prompted extensive litigation over whether COVID-19 qualified. Some jurisdictions also recognize the related common law doctrines of impossibility (performance literally impossible) and frustration of purpose (performance possible but purpose defeated). Unlike those doctrines, force majeure is purely contractual — no clause, no protection. Parties invoking force majeure typically must: provide prompt written notice; take reasonable steps to mitigate; and resume performance when the event ends.

Whether you are trying to invoke force majeure or defending against a counterparty claiming it, the analysis is highly fact-specific and contract-specific. A contract attorney can review the clause language, assess whether it applies to your situation, advise on notice obligations, and evaluate litigation risk on either side.